Ages of clades under R-U106

This table shows the ages of individual clades under U106. To learn how to interpret them, see the notes at the bottom. Further details can be found in the accompanying documentation. This tree includes data from 614 BigY testers and was last updated on 10 Mar 2016.

• What do the columns mean?
  • SNP: This is the primary SNP defining the clade in question. There may be equivalent SNPs at the same level. Most of these are in common usage, some may have equivalent SNPs that are used as alternatives. These are listed in Andrew Booth's spreadsheet (U106 Yahoo forum) and Ray Wing's tree.
  • Equivalent: This is the SNP that the calculation is actually performed on. Typically, this should be the SNP with the last position in the chromosome that defines that clade. This becomes the last of a run of SNPs defining the clade as listed in Andrew Booth's spreadsheet. It is retained here for error tracking purposes.
  • BigY convergence date: This is the date at which all BigY testers with these SNPs were last related. This is the date that is usually most appropriate for working out the age of large groups, or relationships between BigY testers. The bracketted range gives the 95% confidence interval. Statistically, we can be 95% sure the date is really within these bounds. However, this range only accounts for statistical uncertainty, i.e. the "known unknowns", not the "unknown unknowns".
  • SNP origin date: This is the date at which the SNP actually formed. This is considerably more uncertain as we do not know the order in which SNP formed within a sequence of SNPs. This is more appropriate to use for small clades (fewer than around five BigY testers) where someone has tested positive for one of the SNPs in this sequence without taking the BigY test (e.g. through YSeq.net or through an SNP pack). This is also the most appropriate age for comparison with archaeological DNA.
  • Number of testers in this clade: This shows the number of people whose BigY tests have been averaged to produce this age. It includes people presumed positive, and people from all subclades.
  • Number of mutations at this level: Each level in this tree is signified by one or more mutations in the BigY spreadsheet (with the exception of DF98, which is not in BigY). Not all of these are counted when calculating the age, as the age analysis only includes regions of the BigY test where there is highly repeatable and reliable coverage. This column indicates the number of mutations that this analysis counts at each level.
• Why is my SNP missing?
  • While we try to use one SNP to name a clade, it takes some time for this to be standardised across all our group's output. Recently discovered clades, and clades for which there are specific issues, may be there under a different name or an equivalent SNP. Look for your SNP on Ray Wing's tree and see if an alternative name is included.
  • This test only includes BigY testers. An alternative comparison for YElite, etc., isn't yet available.
  • Only SNPs positive in two or more BigY testers are included, as "singleton" SNPs cannot be dated.
  • The tree structure is inputted manually. I may have overlooked your SNP.
• Can you give me an age for my SNP?
  • If it's not listed, the chances are the answer is "no, but I can give you a rough estimate".
  • SNPs tested by a single BigY/YElite tester cannot be dated, even if other people have tested them through YSeq.
  • In recent families, dates from STRs are often more accurate anyway.