Tree structure of U106

Tree structure of U106 automatically compiled from called VCF/BED data
Created using the REDUX pipeline by Iain McDonald (version 1.0.1)
Updated: Fri 08 Dec 2017 12:54:25 STD

Historical events: Mouse-over boxes or see below for a key to abbreviations
Age uncertainties: Mouse-over circles to display. Example:

The top (red) line gives the random uncertainty, caused by the random nature of SNP generation. Each SNP is able to move around freely by this amount, with proportionally smaller movement for neighbouring SNPs to accommodate this change.
The bottom (blue) line gives the systematic uncertainty, caused by the uncertainty in the mutation rate. The whole tree can stretch or squash by this amount.
The thick purple line gives the total uncertainty, which is the combination of the above two factors.
Three different strengths of band are given. These correspond to the 68, 95 and 99.5% confidence intervals.
We can respectively be 68, 95 and 99.5% sure that the common ancestor was born between these bounds.
Further reading on random and systematic errors from Wikipedia.
If this is all too much for you, use the middle, thick purple band to estimate how far each SNP can move by.

Descriptions

A simplified list of regional cultures is indicated at the top of the tree above. Solid blocks show when they occupy a particular region. When overlapping cultures exist, the newer culture is shown (e.g. Corded Ware is shown even when Globular Amphorae finds still occur).

Location key:

Abbreviation	Boundaries

UKRAINE	Modern Ukraine and surrounding countries, including Moldova, Belarus, the Dniper-Don valley system.
E. BALTIC	Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and neighbouring parts of Russia, Belarus and N. Poland
E. EUROPE	Czech and Slovak republics, southern Poland.
S.E. EUROPE	Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and former Yugoslav countries.
DANUBE	Central and upper Danube valley, including Hungary, Austria, parts of Slovakia, Switzerland and German Bavaria.
NOR./SWE.	Modern Norway and Sweden, focussing on the southern regions
N. GER./DEN.	Northern Germany, including the Elbe valley, excluding the Rhine valley. Also includes Jutland and Danish Isles.
UPPER RHINE	Western Germany, NE France, Luxembourg
LOW CTRIES.	North Sea coast, including Belgium and the Netherlands, but neighbouring parts of NW Germany and northernmost France.
FRANCE	Modern France.
GR. BRIT.	Modern Scotland, England and Wales, including outlying islands.
IRELAND	Modern Republic and Northern Ireland, including outlying islands.
MED.	The north-western Meditteranian: Italy, Spain, Portugal, southern France and surrounding islands.
CLIMATE	Climatalogical events with no fixed location.

Culture key:

Code	Culture	Description	Sources

Ba.	Baden	Copper Age central European culture. Chronology from circa 3600 BC. Thought to be polygenetic.
EGK	Corded Ware	Candidate primary Indo-European expansion from Yamnaya culture into Europe. Contains Single Grave culture in west and Battle Axe culture in north.	Furholt (2014)
KAK	Globular amphorae	Kugelamphoren-Kultur: An late Neolithic Indo-European culture, likely spreading from near modern Moldova.	Woidich (2014), Mallory & Adams (1997, 2006).
PWC	Pitted Ware culture	Late Neolithic group, considered of non-Indo-European origin, occupying southern Scandinavia
TBK	Funnelbeaker	Trichter(-rand-)becherkultur: Late Neolithic group, considered of non-Indo-European origin.