Supplementary Material to:
An Introduction to Radio Astronomy
4th edition Cambridge University Press 2019
------------------------updated
5 December 2021------------------------------
We have taken the opportunity to:
· Present colour images of radio telescopes, receiver hardware and astronomical objects
· Add pedagogic material not included in the main text due to length limitations
· Add new short sections
o Prologue (start of Chapter 1)
-
The
radio signal from source to reception – a brief recapitulation
-
“Discovery
Space”
o The pros and cons of single dishes,
phased arrays and correlation arrays (end of Chapter 11)
o The Square Kilometre Array (end of
Chapter 11)
o HI in External Galaxies (end of
Chapter 14)
o The Time Variable Radio Sky (end of
Chapter 15)
· Provide URL web addresses where other up-to-date material can be found
The material is arranged by Chapter and can be accessed by clicking the Chapter headings below.
To advise the authors of errata in the main
text and/or the Supplementary Material and for
any other comments please use the email
address:
Errata
· Chapter 5: page 73: In converting the Moon’s brightness temperature to
flux density at 1.4 GHz we used the approximations l= 0.21m and 2k=2.75 x 10-23 J.K-1 which
gives the quoted flux density ~872 Jy. Using the more accurate values l= 0.214 m and 2k=2.76 x 10-23 J.K-1 yields lunar flux density = 843 Jy at 1.4
GHz.
(Additional note: In the context of using the Moon as a radiometric
calibration source the variation in lunar brightness temperature with phase is
discussed
By V.D. Krotikov and S.A. Pelyushenko Soviet Astronomy, vol. 31, 216-219 (1987)
and by J. Mangum Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
105,117 (1993) )
·
Chapter 8: Fig 8.22 the axis label should read “Main beam”
·
Chapter 10:
Equation 10.1 should read:
·
Chapter 14: page 342, 3 lines above equation (14.1): “latitude” should read
“longitude”
·
Chapter 16:
Figure 16.2 is incorrectly attributed
to (Peel et al. 2011) whereas it
is from Condon (1992) - see references in main text. The more recent spectrum in Peel et al. is
given in Chapter 16 of this Supplementary Material.
·
Chapter 16: line 6: “start-formation rate” should read
“star-formation rate”
Contents
Chapter 1: The Role of Radio Observations in Astronomy
New section: Prologue:
· The radio signal from source to reception – a brief recapitulation
·
“Discovery Space”
· Radio observation bands – a complement to Figure 1.1
· Early radioastronomy – historic telescopes
·
Additional references for the history of radio astronomy
Chapter 2: Emission and General Properties of Radio Waves
· Radiation from sources with continuum spectra
o Thermal black body – the Moon
o Free-free (Bremsstrahlung) – a planetary nebula
o Synchrotron – the Crab nebula
o Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) – Perseus nebula (not in main text)
o Coherent emission (not in main text)
· Atomic Hydrogen
o Pointers to the quantum physics of the transition
o Observations
of the Milky Way with simple apparatus
o Further references to HI in the Milky Way
o The HI4PI all-sky survey
· Radio Recombination Lines (RRL)
o State-of-the art RRL observations and the 3-Helium abundance
· Molecules
o Spectral scans of the Orion Nebula
·
Masers
·
The Zeeman Effect (not
in main text)
Chapter 4: Radio Wave Propagation
· Faraday
Rotation
o
Rotation measure ambiguities
o
Additional effects
o
Depolarisation
o
Faraday Depth and Rotation Measure
Synthesis
· Scintillation
o Dynamic
frequency spectra observed from a pulsar
Chapter 5: The Nature of the Received Radio Signal
· Early microwave measurements of the surface temperatures of planets
o Illustration of beam dilution and flux density approaches
· Schematic illustration of the action of a mixer
·
Receiver temperature calibration
· The universality of “1/f noise”
·
Schematic signal flow in a DIcke-switch system
·
State-of-the-art Dicke-switch
applications
· An example twin-beam radiometer – the 30 GHz OCRA-p system
· Schematic of a basic correlation receiver
·
A simplified schematic of a Planck LFI receiver
Chapter 7: Spectrometers and Polarimeters
· Autocorrelation spectrometers revisited
·
Septum plate polarization splitters
Chapter 8: Single-aperture Radio Telescopes
· A corrugated horn feed
· Phased array telescope feeds (PAFs) : ASKAP and APERTIF
·
Measured antenna power patterns
o
Low-cost “cantenna”
feed
o
Commercial Yagi
o
Experimental corrugated horn
· Feed illumination, surface profiles and power beam of a parabolic dish via holography
·
Voltage and power beams – a brief pictorial recapitulation
·
Beam smoothing and angular frequency
cut-off
·
Pictures of state-of-the art radio
telescopes
o Fixed reflectors
o Dishes with adjustable surfaces
o Dishes at millimeter wavelengths
· Mapping large areas of sky
o The classic Haslam 408 MHz all-sky map – with corrections
o References to other large area maps
· Twin-beam radiometry – OCRA-p on the Torun 32-m dish
·
Phased array beam patterns - pictorial descriptions
·
Animations of phased arrays
·
Calibration
of single dish observations
·
Pointing
single dishes
Chapter 9: The Basics of Interferometry
· An E-W adding interferometer observing the Sun: a practical example
·
Adding interferometers: constructing visibility amplitudes for point and
gaussian double sources
· The value of model fitting to
visibility data
o
An
early example -I: the radio jet in the giant elliptical galaxy M87
o
An
early example -II: the radio jet in the quasar 3C147
· Plots of visibility amplitudes for
some simple sources
Chapter 10: Aperture Synthesis
· The JVLA Observers Reference Manual:
a mine of useful information
· Interferometric imaging – developing methods
o WSRT
image showing coherent “ring lobes”
o Imaging the “Black Hole Shadow” in
M87:
· The power of modern synthesis imaging
o Snapshots plus MFS producing an image of M82
o Production of multi-array VLA image of Hercules A
· Basic Interferometric imaging: resources
·
Continuum calibration and image error analysis: resources
· Pictures of interferometer arrays: metre-centimetre wavelengths
Chapter 11: Further Interferometric Techniques
· Interferometer Arrays
o At mm-wavelengths
o At long wavelengths
o Very Long Baseline Networks
o Space VLBI
o Special Purpose Arrays
· Techniques in Aperture Synthesis: resources
o Spectral Lines
o Polarisation
o
Millimetre wave
interferometry
o Mosaicing
o Filling in short spacings with single dish data
o VLBI
o Wide-field Imaging
o Astrometry:
§ update on ICRF3 and link with Gaia
§ new astrometric applications in the Solar System
o
Geodesy
§
An introduction/overview
§
The increasing separation of a transatlantic
baseline
§
Update on the world-wide geodetic array
VLBI2010
o The SMOS Earth resources satellite
New Section: The pros and cons of single dishes vs. phased arrays vs. aperture synthesis arrays
· Comparisons
· Routes
to survey speed improvements
New Section: The Square
Kilometre Array
· Public website
· Science website
Chapter 12: The Sun and the Planets
·
Further overview of the radio sun
·
Observations at meter wavelengths
·
Observations at centimeter wavelengths
o
The
Nobeyama radioheliograph and its daily image of the
Sun
· Observations at millimeter wavelengths – from ALMA
o The solar disk
o
Sunspots
·
The
Planets
· Stars
o Red Giants
o Asymptotic
Giant Branch (AGB)
o The
diagnostic role of masers in the life history of stars
o Silicon Monoxide maser shells around evolved stars
o Circumstellar disks
o Evolved stars: a planetary nebula
o Young
stellar objects (YSOs)
o Massive star-forming regions: methanol masers as pointers
· Microquasars/XRBs
· Nebulae
o HII
regions
o Molecular Clouds
o Supernova Remnants
Chapter 14: The Milky Way Galaxy
·
Continuum emission
o
Multiwavelength
surveys and the Chromoscope visualisation tool
o Large area maps of the diffuse continuum emission
o Spectra of the components of the diffuse emission
o Higher resolution imaging
· Galactic Magnetic Field
o Rotation Measures in the Milky Way
o Magnetic fields in an external spiral galaxy
· Spectral Lines
o The
Milky Way in HI
o The Galactic Plane in CO
·
Future
radio studies and the ISM
New
Section: HI in external galaxies
·
Early WSRT measurements of rotation in
M81
·
The THINGS survey and its results
·
The Local Volume HI Survey (LVHIS)
·
The WALLABY and APERTIF surveys
·
The SKA and HI
·
Tidal effects in the M81 group of
galaxies
·
The discovery of pulsars
· The sounds of pulsars
· Positions of pulsars and MSPs in galactic coordinates
· The P/Pdot diagram
· Pulsar Spectra
· The Crab Nebula
· Pulsar Wind Nebulae
· Bow shocks
· Pulse de-dispersion - the incoherent approach
· Coherent de-dispersion
New section: The Time Variable Radio Sky
· Overviews
· Fast
Radio Bursts
· Starburst galaxies
o M82
and its supernovae
o Arp 220 and its supernovae
· Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
o Review papers on central
engines and relativistic jets
o Extended double radio sources
o Imaging the AGN torus in Cygnus A
o Polarisation structure of an extended jet
o
The inner jet in
M87
o The
supermassive black hole in the nucleus of M87
o Interaction of radio lobes with hot intra-cluster gas
· Faint radio sources
o Radio quiet AGN
o Results on the GOODS-North field
o Source counts at faint flux levels
o Surveys for faint radio sources
· Sky simulations for the SKA era (T-RECS)
Chapter 17: The Radio Contributions to Cosmology
· The Cosmic Microwave Background
o Overview material
·
The Planck mission
§ ESA animations
§ References to latest products
o Galactic foreground spectra
o Polarisation
· The Sunyaev-Zel’Dovich Effect
o ESA animation showing frequency dependence
o Current
measurements
o
Commentary
article on the astrophysical importance of galaxy clusters
· Strong Gravitational Lenses
o eMERLIN/HST image of the first gravitational lens to be discovered
o A VLBI image of an extended lensed arc
o An ALMA lens image
o The JVAS/CLASS lens survey
1: Fourier Transforms
· Autocorrelation: pictorially
· The wide applicability of the Convolution Theorem
· Convolution and linear systems – the Fourier approach
2: Celestial Coordinates and Time
· Further references
3: Digitization
· Further reference
4: Calibrating Polarimeters
· Further references
5: Spherical Harmonics
· Reference for the HEALPix primer