- Doppler effect
Apply to both rotational and orbital periods
Any line-of-sight acceleration contributes to
Proper motion - eg PSR J0437-4715 !!!
Important for many msp ages and B fields
Differential Galactic rotation
Vertical acceleration in Galactic potential
Accelerations in Globular cluster potentials
Changes in apparent semi-major axis
Gravitational lensing in binaries
Gravitational redshift