 
  
  
   
  Refractive index
   Refractive index   for radio waves
  for radio waves 
 
  Refractive index is frequency dependant
   Refractive index is frequency dependant 
 
  Frequency dependant delay in arrival time
   Frequency dependant delay in arrival time 
 
  Dispersion Measure -
   Dispersion Measure -  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 

  
Figure 10: The dispersion of PSR J0437-4715. Radio frequency decreases from
the bottom to the top, while pulsar phase increase from left to right.